Syllabus for
Master of Science (Biotechnology)
Academic Year  (2023)

Biotechnology is a fundamental area of applied science that utilizes living cells and cellular materials to create pharmaceutical, diagnostic, agricultural, environmental, and other products to benefit society. The Master of Science in Biotechnology is designed to provide specialized scientific learning along with skills training to help students explore various career paths in agriculture, health care, forensics, industrial processing, and environmental management. Students will be provided hands on learning into the functioning of the biotechnology industry. Students will have to undertake an Industry Project in their second year of the programme.

Programme Outcome/Programme Learning Goals/Programme Learning Outcome:

PO2: Apply state of the art techniques in advanced Biotechnology research.

PO3: Understand and critically appraise new data arising from the use of techniques and to interpret the implications of data for the welfare of the society.

PO4: Evaluate the commercial, ethical and regulatory aspects of Biotechnology sector.

PO5: Develop competency for employment and entrepreneurship.

The evaluation scheme for each course shall contain two parts; (a) internal evaluation and (b) external evaluation. 50% weightage shall be given to internal evaluation and the remaining 50% to external evaluation and the ratio and weightage between internal and external is 1:1.  (a) Internal evaluation: The internal evaluation shall be based on predetermined transparent system involving periodic written tests, assignments, seminars and attendance in respect of theory courses and based on written tests, lab skill/records/viva and attendance in respect of practical courses.

Microbes play a very significant role in the lives of higher organisms. The paper surveys the features of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa in order to make the students understand their biology so as to manipulate them. This course fulfils the basic knowledge in microbiology for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs.

History of Microbiology, Microscopy – Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescence & Electron microscopy – TEM and SEM, Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms, Classification and nomenclature of microorganisms, Bergey’s manual, Staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Microbial Taxonomy: Pure culture techniques (Streaking, spread plate, pour plate, serial dilution), Identification of microorganisms – Morphological, Biochemical, serological and molecular techniques. Microbial Culture preservation techniques.

Bacterial cell structure, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, Cellwall, flagella, pili and capsule – structure & functions, endospore formation. Bacterial secretory system

Microbial metabolism: Aerobic, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, Catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Bacterial photosynthesis, oxidation of inorganic molecules. Growth curve, factors affecting growth, Nutritional classification, Microbial associations (Mutualism, Syntrophism, Proto-cooperation, Commensalism, Ammensalism, Predation, Parasitism,), Stress physiology: effect of oxygen toxicity, pH, osmotic pressure, heat shock on bacteria, HSPs, thermophiles, halophiles, alkaliphiles, acidophiles, psychrophiles and barophiles and their adaptations and significance, Bacterial biofilm formation (mechanism and mode of resistance),  Nitrogen fixation mechanisms and genes involved.

Viruses – Structure and classification based on shape and nucleic acid, Plant viruses – symptoms, transmission and control strategies of TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses - DNA viruses: Hepatitis B virus. RNA viruses: HIV, Nipah virus and Coronavirus (structure, infection cycle and risk factors) Bacteriophages-. Life cycle of Lambda phage.. Cultivation and assay of viruses: Cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs, experimental animals and cell cultures. 

Fungi:- Structural features, Ainsworth’s system of classification, salient features of division, reproduction of fungi, fungi as food, as plant pathogens, control measures of fungi, Mycorrhizae- ecto and endomycorrhizae, significance, Algae:- Salient features, classification (Fritsch’s) and reproduction, , Symbiotic algae, use as biofuel, Algae as SCP (advantages and disadvantages)

Concepts of pathogenesis, virulence and epidemiology, Disease classification - Epidemic, endemic and pandemics, CDC and its role, normal human microflora, gut microbiota and its relevance. Major Bacterial disease –Tuberculosis. Major parasitic diseases –Malaria, Diagnosis and control of infections, Antibiotic – types and mechanism of action, biomedical waste management, nosocomial infections, Drug resistance in bacteria – causes and consequences, superbugs.

Microbes in food manufacture (Yeast, Lactobacillus etc), food spoilage (Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia etc, mycotoxins - aflatoxins, ochratoxins, ergot alkaloids), agriculture (Rhizobium, Trichoderma etc), environmental management, Biodegradation of Xenobiotics - hydrocarbons, pesticides and plastics, Bioleaching of Copper, Iron , Uranium, Gold.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

The paper is intended to develop understanding and provide scientific basis of the inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms. It also gives a thorough knowledge about the structure and function of biological macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids), and the metabolic and bioenergetic pathways within the cell. Students learn to interpret and solve clinical problems.

Forces and interactions of biomolecules; chemical bonds – Covalent and Ionic bond (bond energy), Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction.), high energy molecules in living system (ATP, ADP, NAD, NADH, NADPH, FAD, FADH2). Buffers and Solutions: Concept of pH, pKa, titration curve, acids, bases and buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, biological buffer solutions. Laws of thermodynamics, Concept of free energy, enthalpy, entropy, Coupled reactions, group transfer, biological energy transducers, redox potential. Principles of thermodynamics; Kinetics, dissociation and association constants; energy rich bonds and weak interactions; Bioenergetics.

Classification, structure and Properties of mono, oligo and polysaccharides. Chirality and optical activity, stereoisomerism, cyclic structure of monosaccharide, (pyranoses and furanoses) , structures of glucose. Absolute and relative configuration (D & L and R & S nomenclature). Disaccharides-structures of Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose, Trehalose, Raffinose. Polysaccharides. Structure and properties of homo and hetero polysaccharides. Storage polysaccharides. (Starch, Glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin) Derived sugars- Sugar acids (Aldonic, Aldaric and Saccharic acids), amino sugars. Derivatives of carbohydrates (Glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids, Proteoglycan and glycoproteins). Carbohydrate metabolism:Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycolysis- Energetics and Regulation, Fermentation reactions (Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation), Gluconeogenesis, Reciprocal regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle- Energetics and regulation, Glyoxylate cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway.

Amino acids - Structure, properties, classification and functions, modifications of amino acids in proteins, non-protein amino acids. Proteins - peptide bond, Ramachandran's plot, Structural organizations of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Domains, Motifs & Folds),. Structure and functional classification of proteins. Structure- function relationship.Thermodynamics of protein folding, denaturation and renaturation with examples, chaperones and chaperonins. Protein turnover (ubiquitin-mediated). Membrane proteins: channels and pumps. Keratin, Silk fibroin, collagen triple helix and haemoglobin. Amino acid and Protein metabolism: Transamination, Deamination, Decarboxylation, urea cycle and its regulation, formation of uric acid.

Enzymes: Enzyme nomenclature and classification. Isozymes, Coenzymes and cofactor, Metalloenzymes, membrane bound enzymes, Multienzyme complexes, Ribozymes, proteases, nucleases. Isolation and purification of enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme activity. Mechanism of enzyme action, Active site and Specificity of enzyme. Theories on enzyme substrate complex. Free energy of enzyme reactions. Steady state kinetics. Michaelis-Menton, and Lineweaver–Burk equations. Enzyme inhibition –competitive, non – competitive, uncompetitive, mixed and irreversible inhibition. Allosteric regulation in metabolic pathways. Applications of enzymes, enzyme engineering (Protein engineering). Immobilization of enzymes and their application.

Classification- Structure, properties, reactions and biological functions of lipids, role as cell membranes. Phospholipids, Sphingo and glycolipids, Steroids, cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, Cerebrosides, lip amino acids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, eicosanoids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane). Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Beta oxidation of Fatty acids: activation, transport to mitochondria, metabolic pathway. Oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Alpha and omega oxidation, metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, triglyceridemia, Tay-Sachs disease.

Structure and properties- Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides. Biosynthesis and regulation of purines and pyrimidines, Denovo and Salvage pathways, biodegradation of purines and pyrimidines.

Electron transport chain, Electron transfer reactions in mitochondria, Electron carriers, Ubiquinone, Cytochromes, Iron sulfur centers, Methods to determine sequence of electron carriers, Fractionation of Multi enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV of Mitochondria and their inhibitors, Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, Chemiosmotic model, Proton gradient, Structure of ATP synthetase, Mechanism of ATP synthesis, Brown fat, Regulation of Oxidative phosphorylation.

Vitamins: Classification, Chemistry and Biological Functions, Fat and water soluble vitamins. Role in metabolism, Vitamins as coenzymes. Metabolic Disorders – A, B, C, D, K.

Hormones: Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine action. Endocrine glands. Classification of hormones, basic mechanism of hormone action, importance of TSH, T3, T4, Estrogen, Testosterone, HCG, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Progesterone, adrenaline, insulin and glucagon. Hormone imbalance and disorders: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Polycystic Ovarian Disorder PCOD), Insulin Dependent Diabetes.

Plant Growth regulators: Physiological role and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, abscisic acid and Brassinosteroids), receptors and signal transduction and Systemic acquired resistance  (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways). 

Nelson, D. C. and Cox, M.M., Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition, W. H. Freeman, 2010.

Voet D., Voet J.G, Biochemistry 4th Edition., John Wiley and Sons, 2011.

Elliott, W.H., Elliott, D.C. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 3^rd Indian edition, Pub. Oxford.

Mathews, Van Holde and Ahern, Biochemistry by 3^rd edition, Pub Pearson education

Berg J.M., Tymoczko J.L. and Stryer L., Biochemistry. 7th edition, W.H. Freeman and Co. New York, 2011.

Kuchel, P.W., Ralston Schaums, G.B. Outlines of Biochemistry 2^nd edition Pub: Tata.

Devlin, T.M. (1997). Biochemistry with clinical correlations, Wiley-Liss Inc. NY

Zubey, G.L. Parson, W.W., Vance, D.E. (1994). Principles of Biochemistry WmC Brown publishers. Oxford.

Edwards and Hassall. Biochemistry and Physiology of the cell 2^ndEdn. McGraw Hill Co. UK. Ltd.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

This paper has been designed in a standard manner to impart knowledge of the cell and its various attributes among the post graduate students. The topics included in this paper gives not only the basic idea about the subject but also provides in-depth knowledge. Students get an idea about the cellular structures, as well as how these structures are helpful for the cell to communicate with its environment and transduction of various signals, whether intracellular or extra-cellular. Furthermore, students also learn the mechanism of mitotic and meiotic cell division as well as how the cell cycle is regulated. The course structure also fulfils the important criteria regarding the preparation of students for the competitive examinations, for e.g. National Eligibility Test (NET), conducted by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), as well as various other entrance examinations for pursuing doctoral research.

Introduction: Discovery of cells, basic properties and classes of cells. Study of cells: Microscopy: Brief overview of Light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, Confocal Microscopes, Scanning probe microscope, micrometry. Purification of cells and their parts: cells separation and culture, flow cytometry, fractionation of cell contents.

Structure: History of studies on plasma membrane structure, Singer-Nicolson Model, Chemical composition of plasma membrane: lipids, proteins and carbohydrates; Dynamic nature of plasma membrane: role of lipids in membrane fluidity, lipid ordered state, lipid disordered state; membrane asymmetry - roles of flippases, floppases and scramblases; diffusion of proteins, restrictions of lipids and proteins mobility: fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP), single-particle tracking, membrane domains and cell polarity.

Functions: Movement of substance across the membrane: Energetics of movement of solute, partition coefficient, Simple diffusion: mechanism, ion channels and types (voltage, ligand and mechano-gated ion channels), Facilitated diffusion (Glucose transport, GLUT proteins) and active transport (Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, P and V-type ATPases, H+/K+ ATPase, ABC transporters); Cotransport(Uniport, Symport and Antiport); Membrane potentials and Nerve impulse: resting potential, action potential and its propagation as an impulse.

Cell wall: Primary wall, middle lamella and secondary wall; Lysosomes: structure and functions, autophagy; Endoplasmic reticulum: structure and functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum; Signal hypothesis, Golgi complex: structure and function and movement of materials through Golgi apparatus. Structure and function of mitochondria: Structure of mitochondria: mitochondrial membranes, mitochondrial matrix; Structure and function of chloroplast, photophosphorylation; carbon dioxide fixation: synthesis of carbohydrates in C3, C4 and CAM plants. Nucleus - structure and function, nuclear pore complex, lamina; Chromosome structure, solenoid model, Ribosomes, Peroxisomes and Glyoxyosmes.

Principles and importance; Whole mount preparation; Types of microscopic slides; Types of microtome; Process: Killing and fixing, Types fixation & fixatives, Dehydration, Microtome sectioning, Stains and staining, Mounting and mountants; Histochemical techniques for starch, protein, lipid and lignin; Specimen preparation for electron microscopy: Material collection, fixing, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and staining. 

Study of cytoskeleton:  Live cell fluorescence imaging, in vitro and in vivo single molecule assays; Microtubules: Structure, microtubule associated proteins, properties of microtubules with reference to the structures and functions of cilia and flagella; Intermediate filaments: structure and function; Microfilaments: basic Structure and function with reference to myosin.

Extra cellular matrix; Communication between cells and extracellular materials: roles of integrins, focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes; Communication between cells and other cells: roles of selectins, immunoglobulin superfamily, cadherins, adherens junctions and desmosomes; Tight Junctions; Gap Junctions; Plasmodesmata.

Signaling mediated by G-protein coupled receptors, second messengers, enzyme tyrosine kinase, steroid receptors, role of calcium and NO as intracellular messenger, signaling via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, two-component signaling in plants and bacteria; Quorum sensing.

Phases and progression of cell cycle; Control of cell cycle: Major events, cyclin dependent protein kinases (Cdks), suppression of Cdk by Cdk-Inhibirotry Proteins (CdI), dependence of Cdks on transcriptional regulation, biochemical switches in cell cycle, mitogen stimulated cell division: G1-Cdk and G1/S Cdk activities; Apoptosis: role of Caspases, Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways, roles of Bcl2 and IAPs in apoptosis, inhibition of apoptosis by extracellular factors; Necrosis.

Cancer: Benign and Malignant tumors, metastasis, oncogenes (retinoblastoma) and tumor suppressor genes (p53).

G. Karp, Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, 6^th ed. USA: Wiley and Sons, 2009.

G. M. Cooper and H. E. Robert, The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 6^th ed. USA: S Sinauer Associates Inc., 2013.

B. J. Alberts, B. Alexander, and L. Julian, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5^th ed.  New York: Garland Science, 2008.

P. S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal, Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology, New Delhi: S. Chand and Co. Pvt. Ltd., 2010.

A. Paul, Text Book of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed. India: Books and Allied (P) Ltd;, 2011.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

• The chapters on genetics make them appreciate the flow of inherited characters from one generation to the other and study about the interaction of different genes in different organisms.
• The students will also gain knowledge related to quantitative, population and evolutionary genetics, in addition to microbial genetics.

Mendelism – basic principles (brief study). Extensions of Mendelism, Multiple allele, Genetic interaction, Epistatic interactions, Non-Epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, Atavism/Reversion, penetrance and expressivity of genes. Nonmendelian inheritance – cytoplasmic inheritance.

Sex Chromosomes and sex determination in animals and plants; Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Genes: Hyperactivation of X-linked genes in male Drosophila, Inactivation of X-linked genes in female mammals, Genes involved in sex determination,.Environment and sex determination, Hormonal control of Sex determination

Linkage and Crossing over - Stern’s hypothesis, Creighton and McClintock’s experiments, single cross over, multiple cross over, two-point cross, three-point cross, map distances, gene order, interference and co-efficient of coincidence. Haploid mapping (Neurospora), Mapping in bacteria and bacteriophages.

Pedigree analysis, determination of human genetic diseases by pedigree analysis, genetic mapping in human pedigrees.Heterochromatization in human beings,Human karyotype, Banding techniques, classification, use of Human Cyto-genetics in Medical science, Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortions

Polygenic inheritance, Statistics of Quantitative Genetics: Frequency distributions, the mean and the modal class, the variance and the standard deviation, Analysis of quantitative traits: -The multiple factor hypothesis, Partitioning the phenotypic variance; QTL, effect of environmental factors and artificial selection on polygenic inheritance.

(a) Gene pool, allele and genotype frequency. Hardy-Weinberg law and its applications, estimation of allele and genotype frequency of dominant genes, codominant genes, sex-linked genes and multiple alleles. Genetic equilibrium, genetic polymorphism.

(b) Factors that alter allelic frequencies; (i) mutation (ii) genetic drift - bottle neck effect and founder effect (iii) migration (iv) selection (v) nonrandom mating, inbreeding coefficient.

Emergence of evolutionary theory; Genetic Variation in Natural Populations: variation in phenotypes, variation in chromosome structure; Molecular Evolution: Molecules As “Documents of EvolutionaryHistory”, Molecular Phylogenies, Rates of Molecular Evolution, the Molecular Clock, Variation in the Evolution of Protein Sequences, Variation in the Evolution of DNA Sequences, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Mutation And GeneticDrift, Molecular Evolution and Phenotypic Evolution. Species concept; Types of speciation. Mechanism of speciation - Genetic divergences and isolating mechanisms. Patterns of speciation - allopatric, sympatric, quantum and parapatric speciation, Pre-mating and Post mating isolating mechanisms, role of isolation in Speciation, Convergent evolution; sexual selection; co-evolution; Human Evolution: Humans and the Great Apes, Human Evolution in the Fossil Record, DNA Sequence Variation and Human Origins. Interaction of Genotype and Environment. 

Fundamentals of Bacterial and Viral Genetics, Genetic Transformation, Conjugation and the Escherichia coli Paradigm, Conjugation Systems Other than F, Genetics of Temperate Bacteriophages, Chromosomal aberrations: in oncogenes, Genetics of immune system,Congenital malformations,Invasive Prenatal diagnosis,Genetics and Society

1.      Benjamin Lewin (2000). Genes VII. Oxford university press.

2.      Gardner E J, Simmons M J, Snustad D P (1991). Principles of Genetics (III Edn). John Wiley and Sons Inc.

3.      Snustad D P, Simmons M J (2000). Principles of Genetics (III Edn). John Wiley and Sons.

4.      Strickberger (2005). Genetics (III Edn). Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

5.      William S Klug, Michael R Cummings (1994). Concepts of Genetics. Prentice Hall.

      1.      Robert J Brooker (2009). Genetics: Analysis and principles (III Edn). McGraw Hill 

2.      Daniel L Hartl, Elizabeth W Jones (2009). Genetics: Analysis of genes and genomes (VII Edn). Jones and Bartlett publishers.

3.      D Peter Snustad, Michael J Simmons (2010). Principles of genetics (V Edn). John Wiley and Sons.

4.      George Ledyard Stebbins (1971). Process of Organic evolution.

5.      Roderic D M Page, Edward C Holmes (1998). Molecular Evolution: A phylogenetic approach.

6.      Blackwell Science Ltd.

7.      MaxtoshiNei, Sudhir Kumar (2000). Molecular Evolution and phylogenetics. Oxford University Press.

8.      Katy Human (2006). Biological evolution: An anthology of current thought. The Rosen publishing group, Inc.

9.      Monroe W Strickberger (1990). Evolution. Jones and Bartlett publishers.

10.  E d w a r d A . B i r g e, Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics, 5^th Ed. Springer

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

To understand what is meant by concentration, by volume, and by amount, and their interrelationships

Make the students able to convert multiples of one unit to another

To make the students understand that there is a physical limit to the volume of a solution you can pipette, determined by your equipment

Fractions, Decimals and Percentages, Amounts, Volumes and Concentrations, Scientific Notation, Conversion of Units.

Solving Equations and Evaluating Expressions, Logarithms, Straight-Line and Non-Straight-Line Graphs, Rate of Change

Assignment - 10 

Mini project - 20 

exam -          20

1.      To understand the theoretical basis of conducting research

2.      To design a research

3.      Understanding the importance of the research paper

4.      To impart knowledge regarding the ethics in research

Need for research, stages of research; Basic concepts of research -Meaning, Objectives, Motivation and Approaches. Types of Research (Descriptive/Analytical, Applied/ Fundamental, Quantitative/Qualitative, Conceptual/ Empirical);

Research formulation -Observation and Facts, Prediction and explanation, Induction, Deduction; Defining and formulating the research problem, Selecting the problem and necessity of defining the problem

Laboratory record, CAS, Good Documentation Practises, Data Integrity

Workbook maintenance, Various funding agencies (National: ICMR, DST DBT etc and International:Humboldt-Forschungsstipendium), Project proposal writing, Research report writing (Thesis and dissertations, Research articles, Oral communications); Presentation techniques - Assignment, Seminar, Debate, Workshop, Colloquium, Conference.

Basic concept and parameters of various Indexing agencies: Scopus and SCImago (SNIP, SJR and CiteScore), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Impact Factor) DOAJ, PubMed Central (PMC), ScienceDirect, Indexing types in UGC CARE (two tiers), other indexing agencies (Index Copernicus, Google Scholar, EMBASE etc), InFlibnet and Sodhganga

Concept on Open access, types (Gold & Green)

Types of articles, basic concept on DOI, ISBN, ISSN, ORCID, Crossmark-Crossref, Concept on Volume and Issue

Literature review -Importance of literature reviewing in defining a problem, Critical literature review, Identifying gap areas from literature review

Original research article; technique of writing, different sections, finding journals (Elsevier® JournalFinder and Springer Journal Suggester)

Basic concepts on Mini review, Short communication, Letter to the Editor. Commentaries, Book Chapter 

Concept on publishing houses: International (e.g. Elsevier, Springer-Nature, Taylor-Francis, Willey Online, Sage etc) and National (CSIR, Indian Academy of Science etc)

Concept on Peer review process

Concept on Predatory Journal, Beall’s List

Concept on Citations and References, Different referencing styles: APA, IEEE, MLA, and Chicago

Intellectual Property Rights - Copy right, Designs, Patents, Trademarks 

Referencing software (EndNote, Mendeley, Zotero), Processing software (MS Word, MS Excel) Statistical software (Minitab, SPSS- ANOVA, t Test, Regression)

Concept of Plagiarism (UGC guideline)

Animal Welfare Board of India, Committee for the Purpose of Control And Supervision of Experiments on Animals, hazards (symbols and NFPA Hazard Identification System) Extension: Lab to Field, Extension communication, Extension tools; Bioethics: Laws in India, Working with man and animals, Consent, Biodiversity Board (Central and states)

      2.      Dawson, C. Practical research methods. UBS Publishers, New Delhi. 2002.

2.      Ruzin, S.E. Plant micro technique and microscopy. Oxford University Press, New York, U.S.A., 1999.

• Microbes play a very significant role in the lives of higher organisms.
• The paper surveys the features of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa in order to make the students understand their biology so as to manipulate them.
• This course fulfils the basic knowledge in microbiology for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs. 

1.Safety rules, instrumentation and media preparation-- Nutrient agar, Potato dextrose Agar, differential media etc.

2.Staining techniques: Simple, Differential: acid-fast, endospore, capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic inclusion, vital stains: flagella, spore and nuclear staining.

3.Collection and processing of clinical samples for microbiological examination

4.Antimicrobial susceptibility tests- a. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test and Dilution sensitivity test-MIC and MBC against Yeast and other fungi.

5.Determination of Growth of bacteria, yeast and algae – Growth curve and generation time.

6.Isolation and culture of Rhizobium and production of biofertilizer

7.Biochemical tests Catalase, oxidase, IMViC, motility, gelatine test, urease,, nitrate reduction, acid and gas from glucose, starch, carbohydrate fermentation test, oxidative fermentative test.

8.Isolation of fungi from soil: Dilution plate method, Warcup method, stamping method.

9.Screening for antibiotic producing microbes (antibacterial, antifungal)

10. Visit to microbiology R & D lab.

1.            Laboratory safety guidelines

2.            Preparation of buffers applying HH equation

3.            Validation of Beer-Lambert’s Law (colorimetery and spectrophotometer)

4.            Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of carbohydrates

5.            Isolation and quantification of protein (Folin Lowry/BCA, Bradford).

6.            Estimation of proteins by Biuret method

7.            Determination of specific activity, Km & Vmax, Optimum pH, Temperature of Amylase/Alkaline phosphatase /protease/cellulase

8.        Estimation of cholesterol by Zaks method

9.        Estimation of IAA by Salkowskis method

10.        Estimation of Ascorbic acid in citrus using 2, 6 dichlorophenol Indophenol.

11.        Simple assays for vitamins and hormones

Mid Semester Examination: 20%

Record: 10%

End Semester Examination: 50%

The paper imparts practical knowledge on the biology of cells and also on the basic experiments in biochemistry. It deals with detailed microscopic studies of basic cell multiplication processes like mitosis and meiosis. Microscopy techniques are given utmost importance.   Furthermore, knowledge of Genetics will help them to solve various complicated genetic problems.

• Study of cell cycle stages in the root meristematic cells of Alium cepa.

• Study of cell cycle stages in the male gametic cells of Alium cepa

• Study of Plasmolysis- deplasmolysis using micrometry

• Study of Barr body in the epithelial cells

• Isolation and enumeration of mitochondria from yeast cells

• Isolation and enumeration of chloroplast from spinach

• Estimation of chlorophyll in isolated chloroplasts

• Comparative study of chloroplast number and chlorophyll content in different plant families

• Permanent slide preparation

• Genetic Problems in Recombination and Linkage

• Genetic problems in quantitative genetics

• Genetic problems in population genetics

Performance: 20 marks

Analysing the genetic problems using SPSS/Origin/SigmaPlot: 20 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

The pattern of  End Semester Practical Examination:

Time: 6 Hours                                                                     Total Marks: 100

1.      Isolation of chloroplast and estimation of chlorophyll content from the given sample                                                                                                (20 marks)

OR

Isolation and enumeration of chloroplast from the given sample

OR

Isolation and enumeration of mitochondria from yeast.

(Introduction: 2 marks; Principle: 4 marks; Procedure: 4 marks; Results and discussion: 10 marks)                                   

2.      Preparation of buccal smear for the study of Barr body                   (15 marks)

OR

Prepare temporary squash of the given biological sample and report any two stages of mitosis.

OR

Prepare temporary squash of the given biological sample and report any two stages of meiosis.

(Introduction: 2 marks; Principle: 3 marks; Procedure: 2 marks; Results and discussion: 8 marks)

3.      Logical Reasoning                                                                 (3 X 3 marks = 9 marks)

4.      Spotters                                                                                (4 X 4 marks = 16 marks)

5.      Viva                                                                                                    (10 marks)

6.      Problems in Genetics                                                                       (30 marks)

The objective of the course is to impart in depth knowledge about the concepts in genetic engineering-enzymes, biology of cloning vehicles, vector and host considerations, gene libraries, analysis and

expression of the cloned gene in host cell and understand ethical issues and biosafety regulations. It gives emphasis to practical applications of genetic engineering tools in academic and industrial

research. At the end of the course the student will have detailed knowledge of recombinant DNA technology essential for taking up projects in the field of Biotechnology.

Introduction to rDNA technology, DNA modifying enzymes and its functions (DNA Polymerases,

Klenow fragment, Ligase, S1 Nuclease, Mung Bean nuclease, Alkaline Phosphatase, Terminal

Transferase, Polynucleotide kinases, Polynucleotide phosphorylase, Calf intestinal alkaline

Phosphatases, Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatases, RNase A, RNase H, DNase 1, DNase II, Exonuclease

III, Reverse Transcriptase) Restriction modification system, Restriction enzymes – function,

classification (Based on recognition and restriction sequence:-type I, II and III; based on buffer salt

concentration: - low, medium and high; based on pattern of restriction:-sticky (5’ and 3’) and blunt

end cutters, Plasmids (Types, copy number, properties, origin of replication and incompatibility group,

plasmid amplification), bacteriophages eg. λ (Life cycle, genome organization, feasibility as a cloning

vehicle), Types of Cloning Vectors (structure and general features of General Purpose cloning vectors,

Expression vectors, Promoter probe Vectors, shuttle vectors), Examples of cloning vectors (pBR322,

pUC series of vectors, λ insertional and replacement vectors), derivatives of phages and plasmids

(cosmids, phagemids, phasmids) cloning vectors for large DNA fragments and genomic DNA library

YACs, PACs and BACs. Host and vector consideration, Host Organisms and its genotypes- JM 109 &

DH5α, Selectable and scorable markers, reporter genes, prokaryotic and eukaryotic markers (lacZ,

CAT, Gus, GFP, cre-loxP system, sac B system, npt II gene, luciferase gene, dhfr gene, herbicide

resistance gene)

General strategies for isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, RNA, strategies for isolation of gene of

interest (restriction digestion, PCR), Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Basic principle, methodology,

Gradient PCR, Hot start PCR Touchdown PCR, inverse PCR RT PCR, Real time PCR, Creation of

r-DNA (Restriction Digestion, modification of vector and insert, linker, adaptors, homopolymer

tailing, ligation), PCR Cloning, Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries (Selection of vectors and

Complexity of library), Methods of gene transfer- Calcium chloride mediated, Electroporation,

Biolistic gun, lipofection and microinjection. In vitro packaging

Blotting techniques- Southern, Northern and Western, Differential display. Gene sequencing-

Chemical, enzymatic, pyrosequencing, next generation sequencing, Immunological screening and

colony and plaque hybridization, dot blot hybridization, chromosome walking, FISH, RACE,

Chromosome walking.

Protein production by foreign DNA in the host bacteria E. coli, Factors influencing expression,

properties of expression vector, examples of expression vectors, tags for purification of expressed

proteins, FLAG expression vector system, cloning in pET vectors, eukaryotic vectors- Baculovirus

based vectors, mammalian viral vectors, expression Host, Modification and folding of protein

in-vitro,

Transgenic organisms, Advantages and disadvantages of Genetically Modified Organisms, Transgenic

animal- Gene therapy. The Use of Transgenic animals mice in areas other than recombinant protein

production. Transgenic plants- applications, special emphasis to pharmaceutical products. Engineered

Nutritional Changes- golden rice, Engineered herbicide resistance, Engineered pesticide resistance.

Production of recombinant proteins (Insulin), recombinant vaccines (Hepatitis B), Hormones (Human

growth hormone). Genome projects and its Applications. International treaties/agreements in

biosafety, public perception on rDNA technology, IPR related to rDNA technology.

2. E. L. Winnacker, From Genes to Clones Introduction to Gene Technology, New Delhi, India:

Panima Publishing Corporation, 2003.

3. T. A. Brown, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis-An Introduction. 5th ed. UK: Wiley Blackwell

Publishers. 2006.

Alkami Biosystems Inc., 1999.

2. B. R. Glick. J. J. Pasternak and C. L. Patten. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and application

of recombinant DNA. 4th ed. Washington D. C: American Society for Microbiology Press, 2010.

3. S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman and R. W. Old, Principles of Gene Manipulation, 6th ed. USA:

Wiley-Blackwell, 2001

4. K. Wilson and J. Walker, Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7th

ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

5. J. W. Dale, M. von Schantz and N. Plant, From Genes to Genomes: Concepts and Applications

of DNA Technology, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2012

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

The broad objective of the present core paper is to define the purview of plant biotechnology with respect to crop improvement and metabolic engineering along with knowing the regulatory issues. In this respect, students will be acquainted with application of principles and techniques of plant tissue culture, transgenic technology and metabolic engineering. While in tissue culture, the focus shall be on media composition and preparation, methods of in vitro regeneration, applications and limitations, with respect to genetic transformation, aspects of cloning, DNA delivery, detection, characterization and expression of transformants and gene silencing etc would be covered. Global status of GMOs, various case studies illustrating the application of biotechnology in developing crop varieties that are resistant to various biotic and abiotic stresses, enhancing nutritional quality, improved post-harvest qualities, and in the metabolic engineering of plants, aspects related to engineering of secondary metabolites, male sterility, environmental remediation, and biofarming will be discussed. Finally, in the regulatory issues aspect, Introduction to legal system, principles of regulation and regulatory systems in India and also IPR.

Plant Cell: Totipotency, scope, historical review, differentiation, de-differentiation and re-differentiation, culture of plant cells, tissue and organs, Plant growth regulators (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscicic acid and ethylene). Aseptic techniques, culture media: composition and preparation. Methods of sterilization; inoculation, incubation and hardening. Methods to overcome phenolic oxidation.

Cell and Organ differentiation: Callus and cell suspension culture, Micropropagation – direct and indirect organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, synthetic seeds and its application.

Meristem culture, in vitro mutagenesis and selection technique, somaclonal variations, overcoming crossing barriers (Pre fertilization and post fertilization barriers including in vitro pollination/fertilization and embryo rescue), embryo culture, endosperm culture , haploid plant production and its application (androgenesis, gynogenesis and microspore culture).

Cryopreservation and DNA banking for germplasm conservation. Transfer and establishment of plantlets in soil and green house

Protoplast Isolation and Somatic hybridization: Protoplast isolation, purification, viability testing, plating techniques, protoplast culture and regeneration of plants. Protoplast fusion – spontaneous and induced fusion; mechanism of fusion; identification and selection of hybrid cells; chromosome status of somatic hybrids; cybridization; applications of somatic hybrids and cybrids. Genetic modification of protoplasts.

Gene transfer methods in plants: direct and indirect DNA transfer, Biology of Ti and Ri plasmids and its use as vectors, Co-integrate vectors, intermediate and helper plasmids, binary vectors, viral vectors, 35S and other promoters, use of reporter genes and marker genes, Chloroplast and mitochondrial transformation and its advantages.

GM Technology: Crop improvement, productivity, performance and fortification of agricultural products – Insect resistance: Bt genes, non-Bt genes like protease inhibitors, α-amylase inhibitors (Bt cotton and Bt Brinjal). Herbicide resistance: Phosphoinothricin, glyphosate, sulfonyl urea and atrazine. Virus resistance: coat protein mediated and nucleocapsid gene. Bacterial and Fungal resistance: chitinase, 1,3-β-glucanase, RIP, antifungal proteins, thionins, PR proteins. Nematode resistance. Abiotic stress: drought, cold and saline. Strategies for engineering stress tolerance. Current status of transgenic plants in India and other countries. Importance of integrated pest management and terminator gene technology. Environmental impact of herbicide resistance crops and super weeds.

Biofertilizers: types, production, VAM, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Mycorhiza, Actinorhiza, vermicomposting technology and Biopesticides.

RNAi and antisense RNA technology for extending shelf life of fruits and flowers (ACC synthase, ACC oxidase and polygalacturonidase,), delay of softening and ripening of fleshy fruits (tomato, banana, watermelon). Carbohydrate composition and storage, ADP glucose pyrophosphatase. Post-harvest protection of cereals, millets and pulses.

Non-PCR and PCR based molecular markers (RFLP, RAPD, SSR, AFLP, SCAR). Molecular markers in breeding programme, molecular breeding for resistance.

Plant Secondary metabolites and Bioreactors: Plant cell culture for the production of useful, chemicals and secondary metabolites (Hairy root cultures, Biotransformation, Elicitation). Bioreactor scale production of phytopharmaceuticals (Different types of bioreactors).Engineering plants for male sterility: Molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility in nature, mechanism of restoration of fertility, genetic engineering strategies, production of male sterility, pollination controlling system. Metabolic engineering of plants: Principle and Practice, metabolic engineering of lipids, carotenoid biosynthesis for antioxidant (colouringagent). Plant Molecular Farming: Food vaccines (edible vaccines), plant derived antibodies,pharmaceutical proteins, industrial enzymes, biofarming of carbohydrates, genetic approach of molecular farming, choice of plant production system, benefits and drawbacks of molecular farming, product authenticity.

Brief Introduction to terms: Statutes, Rules, Regulations, Judicial System, Judicial Review, Administrative set up. International Law, Sources, Treaties

Regulatory Systems: Time line of development of regulatory systems, The U.S. and E.U. approaches on Biotechnology research, Intentional introduction into environment, INDIA: Environment Protection Act, 1986, Rules for the manufacture, use, import, export and storage of hazardous micro-organisms, genetically engineered organisms or cells. Institutional Structure, Powers and Functions, Relevant Guidelines and Protocols. Other relevant laws, Plant Quarantine order, Biological Diversity Act, Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Rights Act, Drugs and Cosmetics Act, Policy and the rules, Seed Policy, DGFT Notification, Recent Initiatives, Draft National Biotechnology Regulatory Bill 2008, Ethical issues  associated with GMOs, labelling of GM plants and products.

IPRs: Introduction, A Brief history of IP protection, Rationale for IPR, Types of IPRs, Patents, Copyright, Trademarks, Trade Secrets, Plant Variety protection, Geographical Indications, Farmer’s Rights, Traditional Knowledge, Patents and Agricultural Biotechnology, Patentability criteria, Relevant Case law, Indian Patent Act, 1970, TRIPS, Amendments to Indian Patents Act (2005), IP applications and Procedures, Patent drafting, Patent and prior art searches etc. Management of IPR Assets, Licensing and contracts, Negotiations, Valuation of patents, IPR Enforcement.

2 Bhojwani SS and Razdan M K (1996) Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier. 767 p

3 K.D. Raju (ed.) (2007), Genetically modified organisms: Emerging law and policy in India, TERI, New Delhi

4 P.Narayan(2001), Patent Law, 3rd edn., Eastern Law House, Calcutta

2 Herman, Edwin B., (Ed.) (2007) Microbial contaminants in plant tissue culture, Vol. III: 2003–2007. Agritech Consultants, Inc. Shrub Oak. 110p

3 Neumann, K H, Kumar, A, Imani, J (2009) Plant Cell and Tissue Culture –A tool in biotechnology: Basics and applications. 333p

4 Halford,Nigel G. (Ed.) (2006) Plant Biotechnology: Current and Future Applications of genetically modified crops. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 303 p

5 Chrispeels MJ; Sadava DE (2003) Plant, Genes and Crop Biotechnology. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc

6 Chrispeels MJ, et al., (1994) Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston

7 Gamborg OL and Philips GC. Plant Cell, tissue and organ culture (2nd Ed.) Narosa Publishing House. New Delhi. 1998

8 Hammound J, McGravey P and Yusibov V. Plant Biotechnology, Springer Verlag. 2000.

9 Heldt. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Delhi, 1997.

10 Lydiane Kyte and John Kleyn. Plants from test tubes. An Introduction to Micropropagation (3rd Ed.). Timber Press, Portland. 1996.

11 Murray DR. Advanced methods in plant breeding and biotechnology. Panima Publishing Co. 1996.

12 Nickoloff JA. Methods in Molecular Biology, Plant Cell electroporation and electrofusion protocols, Humana Press Incorp, USA. 1995.

13 Sawahel WA. Plant Genetic Transformation Technology. Daya Publishing House, Delhi. 1997.

14 Gistou P and Klu H. Hand Book of Plant Biotechnology (Vol. I & II). John Publication. 2004.

15 Slatu A, et al.,. The Genetic Manipulation of Plant. Oxford University Press. 2003.

16 Kirakosyan A and Kaufman PB. Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology (1st Ed.) Springer Publishers. 2009.

17 Kamala Sankaran and Ujjwal Kumar Singh (eds.) (2008), Towards legal literacy: An introduction to Law in India, Oxford, New Delhi.

18 F.H.Erbisch and K.M. Maredia(Eds.) (2004)., Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural Biotechnology, 2nd edn., CABI Publishing,Oxon.

19 Shyam Divan and Armin Rosencranz(2005), Environmental Law and Policy in India, 2nd edn., Oxford, New Delhi, Ch. 4..

20 Jayashree Watal(2001)., Intellectual Property Rights in the WTO and Developing Countries, Oxford, New Delhi.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

Analytical tools are becoming very important tools in different fields of Biology. The paper deals with the principle, instrumentation and uses of such tools. This course fulfils the basic knowledge in

analytical techniques for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs.

Classes of Phytochemicals, Preparation of extracts for biochemical investigations, methods of extraction of phytochemicals (Maceration, Soxhlet, Microwave assisted, Ultrasonic, Pressurized Liquid extraction and Solid Phase Micro Extraction). Type and choice of solvents (Polar and Non polar). Breaking of cells by chemical (detergent, solvent and enzyme) and physical methods (mechanical and non-mechanical), ultrasonication, pressure cell disintegrators, detection of cell-free and cell-bound proteins, Ammonium sulphate precipitation

Concept on Chromatography (Column, Planar, Mobile phase and Stationary phase, Column packing and quality check, TLC, HPTLC, FPLC, HPLC, Stationary Phases-Reverse Phase, Ion Exchange and Size Exclusion, Gas Chromatography, Applications)

Concept on Centrifugation (Differential and Density gradient, types of rotors, Analytical Ultra Centrifuge, Applications)

Concept on Electrophoresis (DNA, RNA and Protein gel electrophoresis, EMSA)

Spectroscopy: Absorption and emission spectra. Electromagnetic radiation. Fluorescence and phosphorescence, Beer- Lambert’s law, principle, operation and applications of Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Concept of Stoke’s shift- hypochromicity, hyperchromicity, fluorimeter, flame photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. IR, Mass spectroscopy and NMR, ICP-MS, S, X-ray crystallography.

Radioisotope techniques: Nature of radioactivity, isotopes in biochemistry, measurement of radioactivity (carbon dating, Geiger-Muller counting and liquid scintillation counting). Detection of proteins (Western Blot and ELISA), Detection of nucleic acid (Spectrophotometry, Nanodrop technique, Microarray), Microscopic detection and diagnostics based on nanotechnology

Basic Concept and applications, Concept on databases (NCBI databases, EBI databases, KEGG, DDBJ, DrugBank, IMPPAT, Dr. Duke etc), Multiple Sequence Alignment, Construction of phylogenetic trees (basic concept with different methods like UPGMA), Next generation sequencing(basic concept), Computer Assisted Drug Design (Basic concept on Molecular docking, QSAR, ADME analysis and Molecular Dynamic simulation), Overview on Rice and Human Genome Project

2. Brown TA. Genome III. Garland Science Publ.2007

3. Azuaje F & Dopazo J. Data Analysis and Visualization in Genomics and Proteomics. John Wiley

& Sons.2005

4. K. Wilson and J. Walker, Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7th

ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

5. S. B. Primrose and R. Twyman R. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics. USA: John

Wiley and Sons, 2013.

2. W. Taylor and D. Higgins. Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure and Databanks: A Practical

Approach, Oxford, 2000.

3. Jollès P &Jörnvall H. 2000. Proteomics in Functional Genomics: Protein Structure Analysis.

4. Campbell AM &Heyer L. 2004. Discovery Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. Pearson

Education.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

To understand the principle behind various techniques in molecular biology, bioinformatics and plant biotechnology

1. DNA and RNA estimation by colorimetry and spectrophotometry

2. Screening of auxotrophic mutants

3. Bacteriophage assay

4. UV and chemical mutagenesis

5. Screening of markers

6. Conjugation mapping

1. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory Nutritional components of Tissue Culture Media.

2. Introduction to aseptic techniquesIntroduction to different types of explantsSurface sterilization techniquesCallus initiation and Maintenance.

3 Initiation of Cell suspension cultures and Growth kinetic studies using PCV/fresh and Dry weight basis.

4. Induction of multiple shoots by using different explants

5. Culturing of anthers for the induction of haploids

6. Isolation and Culturing of protoplast

7. Induction of hairy roots with Agrobacterium rhizogenes infection using different explants and confirmation of transgene using PCR

8. Production of Artificial seeds using sodium alginate

9.  Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis

2. Brown TA. Genome III. Garland Science Publ.2007

3. Azuaje F & Dopazo J. Data Analysis and Visualization in Genomics and Proteomics. John Wiley & Sons.2005

Approach, Oxford, 2000.

2. Jollès P &Jörnvall H. 2000. Proteomics in Functional Genomics: Protein Structure Analysis.

3. Campbell AM &Heyer L. 2004. Discovery Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. Pearson Education.

Mid Semester Examination: 20%

Record: 10%

End Semester Examination: 50%

This module aims to provide students with an in-depth understanding of the basic concepts of molecular biology. The structural and functional aspects of basic biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and protein and mechanisms of DNA replication, transcription, translation and gene regulation will be dealt with. The course facilitates the students to have a strong understanding of the molecular basis of life and the underlying gen principles

Nucleic Acids: - DNA and RNA as genetic material and the proof (Griffith Experiment, Avery-McCart McCleod Experiment, Hershey Chase Experiment, Biochemical evidences, Experiments using HRV, TMV), Model organism for studying molecular Biology, Gene structure: Structural organization of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene. Complexity of gene.

Watson and Crick model of DNA (Structure of Bases, Nuceosides and nucleotides, Chargaff Rule, Watson and Crick base pairing, Hoogsteen base pairing, physical measurements of DNA, antiparallel nature), Different forms for DNA (A, B and Z), chemical and spectroscopic properties of DNA (Effect of temperature:- denaturation and renaturation kinetics, Absorption of UV light, density gradient centrifugation, intercalating agents, effects of Acid and Alkali on DNA, solubility of DNA), Cot curve analysis,  DNA supercoiling (negative and positive super coiling), Topoisomerase (Types and mechanisms). Proof for Semi conservative model of replication of DNA (Meselson and Stahl Experiment, Thymidine incorporation Assay), Polarity of DNA replication, Prokaryotic DNA Replication Machinery: Gyrase, helicase, DNA polymerases (types, functions, properties) Origin of replication of DNA, Primer, Growing Fork, Mechanism of DNA replication (initiation, elongation (lagging and leading strand synthesis) and termination. Eukaryotic DNA replication – Multiple origins of replication, Enzymes and proteins involved in replication, End replication problem and its solution (Telomere and telomerases and its significance in replication and involvement in cancer and aging). Models of DNA replication: Theta model and Rolling circle model, D-loop method. Inhibitors of DNA replication.

Mutation: Definition and Types (Point mutation: Substitution, Addition, Deletion; Frame-shift Mutation, Missense and nonsense mutation, forward and reverse mutation, suppression mutation. Somatic and germline mutation, Transition and transversion, Neutral nonsynonymous and synonymous mutation, lethal mutation) causes of mutation: Spontaneous (Wobble base pairing, addition and deletion by DNA looping out, spontaneous chemical changes: oxidative damage, alkylation and deamination) and Induced mutations (UV, base analogues, alkylating, Hydroxylating and deaminating agents. 

Photoreactivation, Mismatch repair, excision repair (BER and NER), SOS repair and recombination repair, Homologous and non-homologous; Site specific        recombination; Chi sequences in prokaryotes; Gene targeting; Gene disruption; FLP/FRT and Cre/Lox recombination

Organization of genomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes- concept of Gene, structure of genes, Monocistronic and polycistronic genes, C value paradox, Gene organization and expression in mitochondria and chloroplast, functions. Role of nuclear matrix in chromosome organization and function; Matrix binding proteins; Transposable elements – classes, transposons and mutations.

RNA properties, Structure and functions of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, miRNA, hnRNA and siRNA, Ribozymes, RNA polymerases, Transcription – initiation (Structure of promoter, initiation factors, mechanism of initiation), elongation (factors and mechanism) and termination (mechanism and types of termination: rho dependent and rho independent), transcription factors and its importance, Post transcriptional modifications of eukaryotic mRNA- polyA tailing, Differential Polyadenylation, splicing, capping.

Properties of Genetic code and Wobble hypothesis. Mechanism of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (activation and attachment of amino acid to tRNA, initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptide chain), role of Ribosomes in Protein synthesis, post translational modifications of proteins- (glycosylation, protein folding, acetylation, phosphorylation), polysomes, protein stability, Protein transport and regulation (Hydrolytic enzymes of lysosome), molecular chaperones.

Operon concept and its advantages, anabolic (trp operon) and catabolic operon (lac operon), Regulation of expression in Eukaryotes- Britten Davidson model, DNA looping transcriptional regulation, RNA interference, DNA (methylation) Ubiquitination, and Histone (acetyl modifications, DNA protein Interactions, Genes that regulate embryogenesis in C. elegant, gene silencing, silencing. DNA methylation and imprinting.

      3. B. Lewin. Genes LX. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2007

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

Students will also gain knowledge about the involvement of statistics in research.

The scope of biostatistics; Classification of study design, Observational studies and Experimental studies (uncontrolled studies, trials with external controls, crossover studies, trials with self-controls, trials with independent concurrent controls); Exploration and presentation of data: Scales of measurement, Tables, Graphs, Histograms, Box and Whisker plots, Frequency polygon, Scatter Plots, Principle component analysis.

Definition, mutually exclusive events and addition rule, independent events and multiplication rule. Sampling: Reasons for sampling, methods of sampling, SRS, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster, NPS. Probability distribution: Binomial, Poisson, Gaussian, Standard normal distribution. Drawing inferences from data: Tests of significance: Statistical inference – estimation - testing of hypothesis - t-test, Chi square test (goodness of fit, independence or association, detection of linkages), Z-test, Confidence intervals, Confidence limits, Hypothesis tests, Types of errors, P-values.

Decision about single mean (normal population and non-normal population), decision about single group, decision about paired groups, decision about two independent groups, equality of population variances, computer-aided illustration for comparison of means; Comparing three or more means: ANOVA – one way, two-way, A-priori comparison, Posterior or Post Hoc comparison. Statistical methods for multiple variables: Multiple regression, predicting with more than 1 variable, Statistical test for regression coefficient, Role of R and R2 in multiple regression, Confounding variable (ANACOVA), predicting categorical outcomes – logistic regression, discriminant analysis.

Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rho, Linear regression, Least Square method, predicting with regression equation, comparing two regression lines, dealing with nonlinear observation, Common errors in regression, Comparing correlation and regression.

Enter data in excel and SPSS, Analyze data using excel and SPSS, Conduct univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis using SPSS, Interpret the results obtained in the SPSS output.

Evaluation will be done on the basis of CIA1 (10%), CIA2 [Mid Semester Examination] (25%), CIA3 (10%), Attendance (5%) and End Semester Examination (50%).

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

The aim of this course is to provide an introduction to recombinant DNA technology. It helps the students to understand how the principles of molecular biology have been used to develop techniques in recombinant DNA technology. The objective of the course is to familiarize the student with the basic concepts in genetic engineering - enzymes, cloning vehicles, gene libraries, analysis and expression of the cloned gene in host cell and understand ethical issues and biosafety regulations. It gives emphasis to practical applications of genetic engineering tools in the field of health care. At the end of the course the student will have enough background of recombinant DNA technology essential for taking up projects in the field of Biotechnology.

1. Isolation of DNA from plants by CTAB method

2. Plasmid DNA isolation by alkaline lysis method

3. DNA isolation from samples using commercial kits

4. Agarose gel electrophoresis

5. Restriction digestion of DNA

6. Ligation of DNA

7. Competent cell preparation

8. Transformation of E.coli 

9. Polymerase Chain reaction

10. Primer design

11. Gel-band purification of DNA

12. Southern Blotting and Hybridization

13. Study of star activity of restriction Enzyme

1. Thin Layer Chromatography of amino acids

2. Estimation of amino acid by Ninhydrin Method

3. Extraction of phytochemicals using Soxhlet apparatus and thin layer chromatography using commercial silica plate

4. Quantitative sugar estimation by Benedict’s Assay

5. Column Chromatography

6. Purification of phytochemicals and HPLC analysis

7. Affinity chromatography

8. Native PAGE and Zymography

9. Density Gradient Centrifugation (Separation of lymphocytes from blood) and haemocytometer count

10. Partial purification by Ammonium sulfate precipitation and estimation of protein

11. Databases: ENTREZ, NCBI, UniProt, PDB, EXPASY, BLAST

12. Molecular Docking (Rasmol, Avogadro, PatchDock)

13. Multiple sequence alignment andConstruction of Dendrogram

2.     S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman and R. W. Old, Principles of Gene Manipulation, 6th ed. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2001

2.     J.  W.  Dale, M. von Schantz and N. Plant, From Genes to Genomes: Concepts and Applications of DNA Technology, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2012

Performance: 40 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

End semester Examination pattern-100

This paper covers important topics in the development, production, recovery, and analysis of products produced by biotechnology. The course traces the path of a biological product from the cell through

the production facility, the final processing, and formulation. It discusses the growth characteristics of the organisms used to produce biological compounds, the techniques used in product recovery and

purification analysis. The course emphasizes the use of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in these analyses.

Definition of a Bioprocess, over view of bioprocesses with their various components. The range of fermentation processes, Chronological development of fermentation industry. Bioprocess operation & their global impact, Component parts of a fermentation process.

Construction aspects – Material of construction, Vessel design and configuration, Utilities, Components of the fermenters, impellers, aeration, temperature regulation, pH monitoring, antifoaming agents. Types of Bioreactors- conventional- stirred tank reactors, airlift, bubble up, fluidized bed, packed bed, tower reactors, drum reactors, photobioreactors.

Criteria for good medium, medium requirements for fermentation processes, carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and other complex nutrients, oxygen requirements, medium formulation of optimal growth and product formation, examples of simple and complex media, design of various commercial media for industrial fermentations – medium optimization methods, batch and continuous heat sterilization and filter sterilization of liquid media, Air sterilization

Isolation, screening and strain improvement (mutation, selection of mutants, selective isolation of mutants- genetic recombination) of microbes, Type culture collection, preservation of microbes – water, Ice and Preservation of life, Freezing and thawing, Storage temperature, Cell banks, Laboratory guide to successful cryopreservation, Cryoprotectants and freezing media, Cell harvest and filling cryovials, Freezing of cryovials, Storage and shipping of cryovials. Fermentation process- inoculum build up, pre-fermentation, product fermentation. Solid state fermentation, Solid substrate, submerged,Aerobic, Anaerobic, batch, fed-batch, semi-continuous, continuous, Fermentation based on type of product formation.

Solid-liquid separation (Flocculation, Filtration, Centrifugation), Cell disruption (Physical, chemical and enzymatic), Extraction, Precipitation, Distillation, Evaporation, Chromatographic separation, Adsorption, Concentration, formulation- Lyophilisation, spray drying.

Introduction, Gene expression engineering, Heterologous pathway engineering, Leveraging gene synthesis, advanced cloning techniques, and machine learning for metabolic pathway engineering, Tolerance of microbial biocatalysts to feedstock, products, and environmental conditions.

Classification of metabolic products- Primary, secondary and bioconversion products (Steroids). Production of alcoholic beverage (Beer, wine), Food (Cheese) amino acid (glutamic acid,) Organic acids (Lactic acid), antibiotic (penicillin) single cell protein, single cell oil.

The importance of lab to pilot scale-up, technology derisking, what is pilot scale, why transition to pilot scale, addressing process development issues before technology scale-up – cost of medium ingredients, seed train development; Factors to be addressed at pilot scale – Mixing, Gas solubility, Medium preparation, Product separation and purification; Achieving pilot scale up – Use of satellite fermentations, scale-up strategies and resources, Financial considerations; Quality Control, Qualityassurance, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) & Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP).

2. S.N. Jogdand. Environmental Biotechnology. 3rded, India: Himalaya Publication House,

2001.

3. B.D. Singh. Biotechnology. 2nded, New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers, 2007

Edinburgh: Butterworth Heinemann Press, 2003

2. M. D. Pauline. Bioprocess Engineering Principles. 2nded, London: Academic Press, 2000.

3. Zhong, Jian-Jiang. Biomanufacturing. New York: Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, 2004

Animals and animal products are used to support research by providing products that help technicians to grow cells, viruses, and microbes in culture. Biotechnologists also use animals to produce

antibodies, interferons, vaccines etc. Cultured cells are finding innumerable applications in recent days. The paper describes the concepts of cell culture in animal systems. Methods of IVF and its

significance in animals and human beings also forms part of this paper. The potential of embryonic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells in creating tissues for transplant and the ethical issues will be

discussed. Animal biotechnology focuses on the manipulation of genes in animals – introduction and knockout of genes and their effects, different systems available for the production of sustainable

industrial products and important therapeutic and diagnostic drugs and vaccines for medical and veterinary use.

History of animal cell culture. Lab setup, Biosafety measures in ACC lab, Type I II, II and IV biosafety levels, types of medium (Defined and undefined), Eagles. Dulbecco’s etc, Buffers, Growth factors, significance of serum, growth requirements – temperature, Carbon dioxide etc, Culture vessels- Roux and Roller bottles, Primary culture, disaggregation of tissue (physical and chemical methods- trypsin, collagenase), secondary cell lines, continuous cell lines, characteristics and maintenance of cell lines, measurement of cell viability - Evan’s blue method, Trypan blue method.

Cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation. Morphology of cells, commonly used cell lines – CHO, BHK, 3T3, Vero, HeLa, tissue markers, use in disease diagnosis, measurement of growth and viability—Cytotoxicity assays, survival assays, clonogenic assays, transformation assays. cell synchronization, senescence and apoptosis, Monolayer and suspension cultures, scaleup of animal cell cultures, bioreactors used, product recovery and purification.

Applications of animal cell lines – vaccine production, toxicity testing, nanoparticles in vaccine delivery systems, tissue engineering - scaffold materials (natural and synthetic), techniques, artificial skin, cartilage and pancreas, culture techniques - Plasma Clot, Raft methods, Agar gel, Grid method, clinical translation of gene therapy products

IVF- in vitro fertilization of farm animals, need for IVF, techniques used - induction of superovulation, preparation and collection of oocytes and spermatozoa, in vitro fertilization and development, embryo transfer & its advantages, embryo splitting and cryopreservation, IVF in humans- significance. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, therapeutic cloning, cloning to conserve endangered species, Bioethics and regulations in artificial reproductive technology

Scope of stem cell technology, properties of stem cells, types of stem cells, Source of stem cells, Embryonic stem cells - stimulation of embryonic stem cells to differentiate, therapeutic adult stem cells - source, differentiation, similarities between adult and embryonic stem cells, induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells, cellular potency-generation of induced pluripotent cells, lineage commitment, cellular development and differentiation applications, correlation between stem cells and cancer, stem cells and aging, clinical applications of hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood, Treatment of neural diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington’s disease and Alzheimer's disease. Bioethics, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) – guidelines, recent developments in regenerative medicine, challenges in stem cell therapy.

Means of gene transfer in animal systems, yeast based systems - uses of Pichia pastoris system, therapeutic proteins made using Pichia, insect cell based systems- NPV based, advantages, mammalian cell line based vectors. Methods of gene delivery -retroviral and vaccinia viral vector method, DNA microinjection method, engineered embryonic stem cell method. Detection of transgenes, high level production of transgene products – hormones and vaccines - in animal cells, Human growth hormone, Human insulin, tPA, Hepatitis B vaccine, examples of FDA approved recombinant drugs, anticancer drugs. Major pharmaceutical companies in India and their production statistics.

Viral vaccine production using animal cells, major vaccine production centres in India, Recombinant vaccines, Sub unit vaccines – Hepatitis B, Foot and mouth disease, Herpes simplex virus vaccines their production, DNA vaccines, Advantages and disadvantages. Monoclonal antibodies - salvage and de novo pathway synthesis, large scale production, diagnostic and therapeutic uses in diseases like cancer, AIDS etc., Human monoclonal antibodies, Genetic engineering strategies for monoclonal antibody prodution, Human-mouse antibodies, Advantages and limitations of monoclonal antibodies, examples of McAb based drugs available in the market.

Transgenic mice and their applications in understanding normal and disease conditions of physiological processes, Significance and production of human mouse, Onco mouse, transgenic pigs, mosquitoes, sheep, fish, snail, cattle etc. Gene knock outs- strategies, importance, knock out mouse, SCID mouse. Animal handling – techniques and rules to be followed. Cloned animals- Dolly, transgenic animals - Transgenic sheep, cow, fish, pig etc., pharming, animal bioreactors and their importance, preservation of endangered species. Safety in release of genetically engineered organisms, genetic modifications and food consumption, Pre-clinical modelling to patient therapy, Funding of biotech business in India, Bioentrepreneurship efforts in India.

2. R. Portner. Animal Cell Biotechnology, Humana Press, 2007

2004.

2. S. Gangal. Principles and Practice of Animal Tissue Culture, 2nd ed, Hyderabad: Universities

Press, 2010

3. B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. R. K. Roberts and P. Walter. Molecular Biology of the

Cell, USA: Garland Science Publishing, 2008

4. L. Houdibine. Animal Transgenesis and Cloning, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2003.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

This course deals with different infectious and non-infectious diseases in humans and it aims to give in depth knowledge about the same. The syllabus also gives the idea of epidemiology and the different

terms and terminologies related to public health and disease biology

Objectives of Epidemiology, its purpose, influences, and uses, morbidity and mortality, clinical medicine and public health, Agent, Host, Environment, Vector, Clinical & subclinical stages, Carrier, Incubation period, Determinants of Health, Measures of Mortality (annual mortality rate, case-fatality rate, proportionate mortality), Measures of Morbidity (incidence, prevalence) and Problems with theseMeasures, Factors Affecting Prevalence, Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Randomized Clinical Trials, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology Tools, Zoonosis.

Tuberculosis, Measles, HIV/AIDS, Rabies, Hepatitis A, B, C, Ebola Virus Diseases, Avian Influenza, Cholera, STD (Pathology, Symptoms, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, preventive measures), Diagnostic Test

Mosquitoes- Aedes- Chikungunya, Dengue fever, Zika: Anopheles- Malaria: Culex- Japanese encephalitis, Lymphatic filariasis :Sandflies Leishmaniasis: Ticks- Lyme disease, Rickettsial diseases (spotted fever and Q fever), Tick-borne encephalitis Triatomine bugs- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis): Tsetse flies- Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis):Fleas-Plague (transmitted by fleas from rats to humans), Rickettsiosis, Black flies-Onchocerciasis (river blindness), Aquatic snails-Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) (Pathology, Symptoms, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, preventive measures).

Diabetes- types, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatic, heart disease, congenital heart disease, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, Bronchitis, Asthma.

Factors influencing the emergence and re-emergence of diseases, examples of emerging and re-emerging diseases, Mpox, Covid-19,

2. https://www.mayoclinic.org/

3. https://www.cdc.gov/

4. https://www.icmr.gov.in/

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

Environmental Biotechnology utilizes microorganisms to improve environmental quality. These improvements include treatment of contaminated waters and wastewaters, clean-up of industrial waste

streams, and remediation of soils contaminated with hazardous and toxic chemicals. Environmental biotechnology is essential to society and truly important as a technical discipline. Microbiological

treatment technologies developed at the beginning of the twentieth century, such as trickling, filtration, activated sludge and anaerobic digestions remain the mainstays today. In recent years, new

technologies are constantly introduced that address very contemporary problems such as detoxification of hazardous chemicals, shortage of fuel environmental biomonitoring, and microbial

genetic engineering for bioremediation of air, water, and soil.

Atmospheric chemistry: Structure and composition of atmosphere, atmospheric pollution and pollutants, ozone chemistry – CFCs, acid rain, photochemical smog, greenhouse gases and global warming. Water: Water pollution and pollutants: types and sources eutrophication, BOD.

Types of microorganisms in the environment, nutritional requirements, types of media, physiology of microbial growth, growth curve, methods of determining bacterial numbers, mass and cell constituents. Effects and microbial adaptations to environmental stresses – Temperature, oxygen, desiccation,osmotic.

Sewage treatment: Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment processes, Aeration (Diffused air system, Mechanical aeration), Trickling filters, activated sludge system, deep shaft process, pure oxygen system, rotating biological contractor, sludge disposal.

Nature and composition of biowaste, Landfill, composting and its application to the waste management – Home composting, Centralized composting (windrow composting, static pile composting, tunnel composting, rotary drum composting, in-vessel composting.

Anaerobic digestion process: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, methanogenesis; Anaerobic baffled reactor, anaerobic fixed film reactor, Continuously stirred tank process.

Bioremediation, Factors affecting the use of bioremediation; Biotechnology selection; In-situ techniques – bio-sparging, bio-venting, injection recovery; Ex-situ techniques- land farming, soil banking, soil slurry reactor.

Phytoremediation- introduction, terrestrial phytosystem, Metal phytoremediation-phytoextraction, hyperaccumulation, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization; Organic phytoremediation – phytodegradation, rhizodegradation, phytovolatalization, and applications, aquatic phyto-systems, macrophyte treatment systems; nutrient film technique; algal treatment system-effluent treatment

Composition and production of Biogas, Microbial hydrogen Production, gasohol, biodiesel.

Bioleaching: Definition, Types- Direct and Indirect Bioleaching, In-situ and ex-situ, Biomining of ores (Gold, copper, and Uranium).

Bt Brinjal as food, Roundup Ready Maize, and its effect on environment, Agriculture- bio fertilizers (rhizobium, mycorrhiza).

Biomonitoring (Visual rating, Genotoxicity, metabolic rating, Plant test system, Animal test system, Biosensor

2. K. Chakravarthy. Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology. 2nd ed, India: OUP India, 2013.

Wiley Blackwell, United states: 2004.

2. T. K. Srinivas. Environmental Biotechnology, India: New Age International Pvt Ltd, 2008.

3. K. Chaterji, Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology. 3rd ed n, Prentice-Hall of India

Pvt. Ltd, April 2011.

4. J. S. Singh, S. P. Singh and S. R. Gupta. Ecology Environmental Science and Conservation.

India: S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd: 2014.312:317

Students are imparted with the practical knowledge of various immunotechniques as well as using a living cell for production of industrially important products. This paper deals with production of wine,

citric acid, and Enzymes from microbial sources.

1. Determination of Blood group and Coomb’s test

2. Total count of RBC & WBC using Haemocytometer

3. Differential Count of WBC

4. Widal test and VDRL

5. Dot ELISA

6. Ouchterlony Double Diffusion

7. Radial Immunodiffusion

8. Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis

9. Immunoblotting technique

10. Isolation of lymphocytes from spleen

1.Growth Kinetics of E. coli

2. Production of primary and secondary metabolite (organic acid)

3. Estimation of the fermentation products by titration method

4. Solid state Fermentation

5. Production of beverage

6. Immobilization of microbial cells and assay for its activity

7. Isolation and assay for specific activity of amylase from Aspergillus niger.

8. Isolation and screening of microorganism producing proteases

9. Isolation and screening of microorganism producing amylases

10. Isolation and mass production of Nitrogen fixers (Rhizobium)

11. Visit to research institute or industry

2. P. F. Stanbury. A. Whitaker and S.J. Hall. Principles of Fermentation Technology. 2nded,

Edinburgh: Butterworth Heinemann Press, 2003

3rded. India: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014.

2. M. D. Pauline. Bioprocess Engineering Principles. 2nded, London: Academic Press, 2000.

Students are imparted with the practical knowledge of using a living cell for production of industrially important products. This paper deals with production of wine, citric acid, and Enzymes from

microbial source. The paper also deals with requirements of animal cell culture lab, different types of media preparation, initiation of cell culture and maintenance of cells. Cell viability assays are also

included to get better acquainted with microscopy techniques which are of great significance in cell culture studies. The aims of this practical sessions are to give practice to the students about different

theoretical knowledge that they have gained in the theory and also to get hands on training on PCR detection of diseases, study of different vectors that leads to diseases, understanding different stages

of cancer, screening of anti-cancer agents etc. Environmental Biotechnology utilizes microorganisms to improve environmental quality. These improvements include treatment of contaminated waters and

wastewaters, clean-up of industrial waste streams, and remediation of soils contaminated with hazardous and toxic chemicals.

1, Analysis of genetic diversity using RAPD markers

2. Set up of Animal Cell Culture Lab and Biosafety regulations

3. Preparation of animal cell culture media

4. Initiation of Primary Culture from Chick Embryo

5. Preparation of single cell suspension from spleen / liver / thymus

6. Cell counting and cell viability assessment by Trypan Blue method

7. Culture of lymphocytes

8. Cryopreservation of primary cultures and cell lines

9. Animal handling - techniques and regulations

10. Virus inoculation into chick/duck eggs for propagation

11. Estimation of viral load by ELISA.

12. Visit to Pasteur Institute, Coonoor

13. PCR based diagnosis of infectious diseases

14. Identification of vectors

15. Study of the stages of cancer (permanent slides)

16. Study of different types of cancer (organ level)

17. Culture study of cancer cells

18. Study of anticancer activity of molecules

19. Identification and biochemical testing of Vibrio cholera

20. RNA isolation and RT PCR for Dengue Diagnosis.

21. Cytopathological study using Dengue

22. AFB staining of fixed slides of sputum/pure culture.

23. Study of permanent slides (Cardiac, muscle, epithelial, endothelial etc)

24. Data collection of epidemiology of diseases

25. Statistical analysis of epidemiology data

26. Lab visit

27. Estimation of temperature, pH and conductivity of lake and sewage water samples.

28. Estimation of dissolved oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand of lake and sewage water

samples.

29. Estimation of total hardness of lake and sewage water.

30. Estimation of total solids, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids of lake and sewage

water samples.

31. Estimation of acidity of lake and sewage water samples.

32. Estimation of alkalinity of lake and sewage water samples.

34. Estimation of nitrate-nitrogen of lake and sewage by PDA method water samples.

35. Estimation of phosphate-phosphorus of lake and sewage water samples by stannous chloride

method

36. Estimation of sodium and potassium of lake and sewage water samples by flame photometry.

37. Testing the potability of water by MPN method

38. Study of vesicular arbuscular mychorrhizae

39. Study of Rhizobia.

Publisher, 2008.

House, Chennai, 2010.

This paper focuses on the fundamental science of immunology and explores the clinical and therapeutic aspects of immunology.  Topics include immunogenetics and molecular structure of immunoglobulins, T cell & B cell development, MHC antigens, modern vaccines, functions and dysfunctions of the components of the immune system; applications of immunological technologies in modern scientific research and development. These topics will help the students to absorb most of the fundamentals in immunology and this can benefit in understanding the advanced topics in this area.

History of Immunology, Terrain Versus germ theory, cellular and humoral immunity,  Innate Immune Immunity and its role in protection, physiological barriers, Fever and pyrogen, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, Inflammatory response, Neutrophil extravasation, Adaptive Immunity – Features, naturally and artificially acquired immunity with example

Haematopoiesis, Humoral and cellular component of the Immune system, Role of different blood cells in immune system-B cell ( Structure of B cell receptor, co-receptor, other receptors of B cell, Antigen dependent and independent phases of B cell activation), B cell signaling for activation, T cytotoxic cell, T helper cell, T cell receptors( (γ/δ, αβ) Maturation of T cell, DiGeorge syndrome, Chediak higashi syndrome), Dendritic cell, Macrophages(Production, killing mechanism) and, null cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, Monocytes,  primary lymphoid organs- thymus, nude mice, Experiments to prove positive and negative selection of thymocytes, bone marrow, secondary lymphoid organs- spleen, lymph node, MALT, SALT, CART in cancer therapy

Affinity and avidity, Factors influencing antigen and antibody reaction, precipitation reactions- radial immunodiffusion, double immunodiffusion, Agglutination- heamagglutination, agglutination inhibition, rocket electrophoresis, radioimmunoassay, ELISA- direct, indirect, sandwich, competitive ELISA, immunofluorescent techniques.

Antigenicity and Immunogenicity, Factors influencing antigenicity, epitopes of B Cells and T Cells, Haptens, adjuvants, super antigens, antigenic drift and shift, Elucidation of antibody structure, variable regions, constant regions, Heavy chains, light regions, classification and functions of antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, I,gE), secretion of IgA. Functions of different antibodies Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, Opsonisation, Antibodies activating complement system, Isotypic determinants, Allotypic determinants, Idiotypic determinants, synthesis, assembly and secretion of immunoglobulins, generation, Antibody diversity: Mini gene theory, Mutation theory, Germ line theory, Somatic recombination, V (D) J recombination, Combinatorial diversity, Junctional diversity, Monoclonal antibodies-hybridoma technology, chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibodies, Heteroconjugates, Immunotoxins, Abzymes

MHC molecules and organization of their genes, Structure and function of MHC types. Antigen processing, role of MHC in antigen presentation, Immunity against intracellular and extracellular pathogens. Oxygen dependent and independent phagocytosis, Pathogens resistant to phagocytosis. Immunity to tuberculosis.

History and Definition of complement proteins, functions of complement system, Classical pathway, Alternate pathway, Mannan binding lectin pathway, Deficiency in complement system

Definition of hypersensitivity reactions, Coomb’s classification of HS reactions- Immediate Reactions-Type I, II, III. Delayed HS reactions-type IV Autoimmune Diseases-Diabetes 1, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid Arthritis Transplantation: Terminology, Auto graft, Isograft, Allograft, Xenograft, Immunological basis of transplantation reactions, GVH reaction, Immunosuppression, General mechanisms of Immune suppression, Immune suppression, drugs (azothioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cycosporin-A, Steroids)

Passive and Active immunization. Types of Vaccines-Live, attenuated vaccines, Inactivated vaccines, Subunit vaccines, Toxoid vaccines, Conjugate vaccines, DNA vaccines, Recombinant vector vaccines

2. H. F. Khan, The elements of Immunology, India: Pearson Education, 2009.

2. W. Luttman, Immunology, 2nd ed. USA: Academic press, 2006.

3. D.  Male, Immunology, 7thed. USA: Mosby Elsevier, 2006.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

The course describes in detail the salient features of the useful and harmful microbes in the food, agriculture and environment. Further the application of microbiology techniques in food, agriculture and environment remediation is described in detail.

Factors influencing microbial activity in food, microbes (bacteria and fungi) important in food microbiology. Microbial flora of fresh food and their spoilage – cereals, fruits, vegetables, poultry, eggs, shell fish and fin fish, beverages and canned foods.

Cheese production; bread; oriental food; Sauerkraut production and their spoilage due to microbial contamination

General principles of food preservation: (1) aseptic handling (2) high temperature - boiling, steam under pressure, pasteurization and sterilization (3) low temperature freezing and refrigeration (4) Dehydration (5) Osmotic pressure - in concentrated sugars with brine (6) chemicals, organic acids, smoking (7) radiation - UV and gamma.

Food borne diseases caused by bacteria - Salmonellosis, Gastroenteritis, Shigellosis, Listeriosis, Staphylococcal food poisoning, Botulism, Travellers’ diarrhoea.

Isolation and cultivation of microbes from environment - serial dilution and pour plate method, spread plate method, streak plate method, isolation using selective or enrichment media. Methods of culturinganaerobes. Biochemical tests for bacterial identification - carbohydrate fermentation, triple sugar-Iron agar test, IMVIC test, Litmus Milk reactions, Hydrogen sulphide test, Catalase test, Oxidase test, Microbial examination of food - Microscopic techniques, culture techniques. Microbiological criteria for food control. Enforcement and control agencies – international and national agencies.

Microbes as biofertilizers - bacteria, fungi, algae. Production of biofertilizers - strain selection and preparation of biofertilizers.

a. Nitrogen fixing microbes – free living organotrophs, free living prototrophs, diazotrophs. Association of microbes with grasses, legumes, nodulation in nitrogen fixation legumes

b. Phosphate solubilizers – Bacteria and fungi as phosphate solubilizers. Mycorrhizal relationship

● definition, forms and distribution of mycorrhiza. Ecto- and Endomycorrhiza. Vesicular and Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Ericaceous, Orchidaceous mycorrhiza. Physiology and function of mycorrhiza. Production of mycorrhizal biofertilizers.

● Bacterial insecticides - use of Pseudomonas, Bacillus – mode of action

Detection of coliform bacteria - membrane filtration technique, Colilert defined substrate test, multiple tube fermentation test. Quantification of Coliforms - MPN test. Role of microorganisms in Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur cycles Microbial biodegradation of xenobiotic (plastics) and hydrocarbons. Biomining and Microbial leaching (Gold, Copper) – Types advantages and disadvantages

Microbes in biotechnology, bioremediation - microbial and enzymatic; in situ and ex situ. Bioaugmentation – principles, enzymes used in bio-augmentation, bio-filtration-bio-filters, microorganisms used in filters, mechanism of bio-filtration. Genetically modified microbes - benefits and hazards. Waste water treatment - primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.

2. A S Rao (1988). Introduction to microbiology. Prentice-hall pub. Com.

3. Braude (1983). Microbiology.

2. H D Kumar, Swasti Kumar (2001). Modern concepts of microbiology. Vikas pub. House.

3. H S Chawla (2005). Introduction to biotechnology. Oxford/IBH pub Com.

4. K G Ramawat (2004). Comprehensive biotechnology. Shaily Goyal.

5. Martin Alexander (1971). Microbial Ecology. John Wiley and sons pub.

6. M R Adams, M O Mass (2000). Food microbiology. New Age International P Ltd.

7. O R Arora (2003). Text book of microbiology. CBS Pubs.

8. P D Sharma (2001). Microbiology. Rastogi Pub.

9. Prescott (2002). Microbiology. McGraw Hill pub.

10. R Campbell (1987). Plant microbiology. English language book society.

11. Selman A, Waksman. Soil microbiology. John Wiley and Sons.

12. Sudeesh Jood, Neelam Khetar Paul (2002). Food preservation. Agrotech publishing academy.

13. Robert Stanil et. al., (1987). General Microbiology. MacMillan.

14. R C Dube (2006). Text book of microbiology. S. Chand.

15. Talaro. Foundations in microbiology. W M C Brown publishers.

16. William C Frazier (2000). Food Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill.

17. Wyss, William, Galdner. Microbiology. John Wiley and Sons.

18. L N Nair. Methods of microbial and plant biotechnology.

19. Kanika Sharma. Manual of Microbiology: Tools and Techniques.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: 5 x 20 marks = 100 marks. Out of five, three questions will have choices.

The paper is intended to provide have coherent knowledge and understanding of chemistry of food components like proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Paper also provides information on beneficial and harmful association of microbes with food and how microbes can be effectively used for production of food. Students get an idea on food laws, standards and regulations in food processing, production, marketing and safety.

Food: source, functions of food, five basic food groups, Importance of food guide – food in relation to health, Cooking, objective and methods of cooking.

Proteins: amino acids – peptides – proteins, modification of food products through heat processing. Effect of cooking – steaming or cooking under pressure of legumes. Detoxification. Analysis of proteins – principles in the determination of moisture content, ash content, nitrogen content – Kjeldahl’s method. Enzymes used in food processing. Enzymic browning – mode of action, secondary reaction of o-quinones, prevention of enzymic browning – thermal inactivation, pH, antioxidants Non-enzymic browning-Maillard reaction, prevention of non-enzymic browning.  Artificial sweetening agents. Effect of cooking on the nutritive value of carbohydrates – bread and biscuit, processing and storage of carbohydrates.  Principles involved in the analysis of carbohydrates – analysis of glucose, starch, Benedict method, Anthrone method, Neilson–Somoyogi method, analysis of crude fibers. Lipids: Emulsions and emulsifiers, rancidity of fats – chemistry of fat and oil processing – function and storage of fats. Heat treatment on the nutritive value of oilseeds, nuts and oil-seed meals. Role of MUFA and PUFA in preventing heart diseases. Analysis of oils and fats – analysis of crude fats and determination of iodine number, RM value, acid number and saponification values – principles.  Minerals and vitamins: Sources, functions, bioavailability and deficiency of the following minerals (calcium, iron, iodine, fluorine, sodium and potassium (elementary treatment). Fortification with vitamins and minerals. Effect of cooking on vitamins and minerals Moisture in foods: Structure, Properties, Types of water in food and their specific function, Water activity and stability.

Definitions, uses and functions of: Acids, Bases, Buffer system, Chelating / sequestering agents, Low calorie and non-nutritive sweeteners, Antioxidants, Emulsifying and Stabilizing agents, Anti-caking agents, Thickeners, Firming agents. Flour bleaching agents and Bread improvers. Anti-microbial agents/class-I and Class –II preservatives.

Factors influencing microbial growth in food(Intrinsic and extrinsic factors), contamination and spoilage in fruits, vegetables, poultry, milk and milk products, Bacterial food borne diseases ( Staphylococcal intoxification, Botulism, Salmonellosis, Shigellosis, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Diarrhoea, Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis, Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritics)  Food Borne Viral Pathogens (Norwalk virus, Norovirus, Reovirus, Rotavirus, Astrovirus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Hepatitis A Virus) Food Borne Animal Parasites Protozoa – Giardiasis, Amebiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Sarcocystosis, Crypotosporiodiosis. Cysticercosis/Taeniasis. Roundworm – Trichinosis, Anisakiasis.   Mycotoxins: Aflatoxicosis, Deoxyni valenol Mycotoxicosis, Ergotism.

Primary, secondary and tertiary processing, historical perspective, traditional technologies used in food processing, Effects of processing on components, properties and nutritional value of foods, Legume -Types, composition, milling, germination, cooking & processed products. Drying, freezing, canning, pasteurization, salting, sugaring, smoking, vacuum packing, artificial food additives, irradiation, modified atmosphere packing, Biopreservation

Fermented food: origin, scope and development, sourkraut, youghurt, cheese, miso, tempeh, idli, dosa, Application of enzyme in food industry, Wine Production – Introduction, Grape Species and Varieties, Site selection and climate, Chemical constituents of grapes and wine, Fermentation, Post fermentation treatments, Specific distinctive wine styles, Sensory perception, and wine assessment.

Types of adulteration, Intentional Adulteration, Incidental Adulteration, Common adulterants in different foods – milk and milk products, vegetable oils, and fats, spices and condiments, cereals, pulses, sweetening agents and beverages. Contamination with toxic chemicals – pesticides and insecticides. Principles involved in the analysis of detection and prevention of food adulteration.

Specifications and standards: PFA, FPO, FDA, drug license, WHO standards, ISI specifications, packing and label requirements, essential commodities act, consumer protection act. AGMARK.

2. Frazier, W.C, Food Microbiology, Mc Graw Hill Inc. 4th Edition, 2007

2. D.A. Klein, J.P. Harley, L.M. Prescott, Microbiology, 6th ed. Brown publishers, 2008

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

This course is to familiarize the students with fundamentals of food, nutrients and their relationship to health. Also to create awareness with respect to deriving maximum benefit from available food resources.

Introduction to nutrition - Food as source of nutrients, functions of food, definition of nutrition, nutrients & energy, adequate, optimum & good nutrition, malnutrition. Nutrition - Fitness, Athletics & Sports. Food guide - Basic five food groups How to use food guide (according to Recommended Dietary allowances R.D.A.). Interrelationship between nutrition & health: - Visible symptoms of goods health. Use of food in body - Digestion, Absorption, transport & utilization.

Functions, dietary sources and clinical manifestations of deficiency/ excess of the following nutrients: Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Fat soluble vitamins-A, D, E and K. Water soluble vitamins – thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin C Minerals – calcium, iron and iodine. Role of food in human health: The process of digestion, absorption, transport, utilization of carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins & water in human body.

Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy – Stages of pregnancy Normal growth and weight change, complications, Nutritional requirements, & meal planning. Nutrition during Infancy - Growth and development, factors influencing growth, difference between breast feeding and bottle feeding, factors to be considered in bottle feeding, different types of milk formulae available commercially. Nutritional needs of toddlers (1-5 year) &School children - Nutritional requirements of toddlers &school going children. Nutrition during Adolescence - Physical growth and changes. 

Introduction- Natural toxicants in food- Toxicant due to contamination of food with harmful bacteria, fungi, parasites, insects and rodents. Pesticide residue-Adulterants-Impact on human health-Prevention &control. Nutritional and infection relationship: Immunization and its importance, Food borne infection and intoxication diseases, foods involved, methods of prevention, Infestation of food borne diseases, Outbreak, Prevention signs and control of infection.

National and International agencies in uplifting the nutritional status -WHO, UNICEF, CARE, ICMR, ICAR, CSIR, CFTRI. Various nutrition related welfare programmes, ICDS, SLP, and others. Community nutrition programme planning - Identification of problem, analysis of causes, resources constraints, selection of interventions, setting a strategy, implementations and evaluation of the programme

2.         Dietary Reference Intakes by Jennifer J. Otten (Editor); Jennifer Pitzi Hellwig (Editor); Linda Meyers (Editor). Call Number: Reference 2nd Fl QP141 .D75 2006

3.         Fundamentals of foods and Nutrition - Mudambi SR and Rajagopal M Y, Wiley Eastern Ltd. 8. ICMR- Nutritive value of Indian Foods, 1989.

4.         Nutrition throughout the life cycle, Bonnie S.Worthinton, Roberts, Sue Rod well Williams.,The McGraw- Hill company,1996.

5.         Nutrition in the life span- Virginia Beal, John Wiley & sons New York.

2.         Modern Nutrition in Health and Diseases- Shills, E.M. Olson, A.J. and Shike, Lea and Febiger.

3.         Dietetics -B. Srilakshmi, New Age International Pvt. Ltd, 2003.

4.         NutritionScience-B.Srilakshmi,NewAgeInternationalPvt.Ltd., 2003.

5.         Food,nutrition and diet therapy -Krause, Eleventh edition

6.         Human Nutrition and Dietetics- Davidson S Passmore R, Brock JP, ELBS and Churchill, Livingstone.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: 5 x 20 marks = 100 marks. Out of five, three questions will have choices.

BioPharmaceutical Quality Assurance describes various aspects of biopharmaceutical industry including quality and covers different allied information of the industry.

Biopharmaceuticals and Biologics, Bio-generics and Biosimilars, Examples of Bio-generics and Biosimilars- India and Global, Approval procedure: US (ANDA, BLA), EU, Japan and India, Role of patents, High selling recombinant products, Challenges

Approaches to the characterization of biosimilars; Problems in characterizing biologics (Types of biologic, Peptides, Non-glycosylated proteins, Glycosylated proteins, Monoclonal antibodies); Equivalence issues; Post-translational modifications; Effect of microheterogeneity; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacodynamics; and Clinical efficacy; Analytical methods for the characterization of biosimilars (Chromatography, Protein sequencing, Mass spectrometry, UV absorption, Circular dichroism, X-ray techniques, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Electrophoresis, Western Blotting, Bioassays, ELISA, Immunoprecipitation and other procedures).

Schedule-Y, Pre-clinical study requirements, Clinical trial phases and types, Bioethics & Stakeholders, Bio-Availability & Bio-Equivalence studies, Regulatory aspects.

Basic introduction on Global Regulatory Authorities: WHO, ICH, CDSCO (India), Pharmacopoeias, FDA (USA), TGA (Australia), PMDA (Japan), MHRA (UK), Health Canada (Canada), ROW.

cGMP: Basic concept, Quality Management System (Change Control, CAPA and Deviation), Master Formula Record (MFR) & Batch Process Record (BPR), Technology Transfer Document (TTD), Equipment Qualification Procedures: DQ, IQ, OQ and PQ; Facility Management, Concept on process validation, Audit Procedures

Good Documentation Practise, Data integrity guideline (FDA, PIC/S, WHO), CSV: Basic concept, Good automated manufacturing practice (GAMP5).

Basic concept of R&D in bio-pharmaceuticals. Basic Concept on different departments in R&D and their functions: Clone Development, Process Development (Upstream and Downstream), Formulation Development, Analytical Development,  R&D Quality Assurance, Inter Disciplinary teams (Manufacturing, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Manufacturing Science And Technology-MSAT, Regulatory Affairs). Different R&D documentations (Protocols, Reports, Common Technical Document as per ICH M4Q R1). Early Stage Development, Late Stage Development and Post Approval Changes.

International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) quality guidelines for biologics: Stability (Q1D, QIE and Q1F), Analytical Validation (Q2), Quality of Biotechnology products (Q5A, Q5B, QBC, Q5D and Q5E), Good Manufacturing Practise (Q7), Pharmaceutical Development (Q8), Pharmaceutical Quality System (Q10). Quality Risk Management (Q9) and Risk Assessment: different methodologies such as FMEA, FMECA, HAZOP etc. Basic Concept on Process Characterization (Univaritae OFAT and Multivariate studies, Application of statistical tools, Design of Experiments (DOE), Concept on a few DOE softwares. A-MAb case study and Data analysis.

Basic Concept, Control Charts, Multivariate modelling, Six Sigma strategy, Case based discussions

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: 5 x 20 marks = 100 marks. Out of five, three questions will have choices.

Nanobiotechnology is an upcoming field in the recent era having multitude applications in Medicine, Environmental technology and Biotechnology. Recent researchers have discovered nano sized particles used for drug delivery, gene delivery, cancer immunotherapy, and enzyme delivery to target sites, industrial and environmental applications. This paper will emphasize the introductory knowledge on nano science and their applications in biological field.

Defining Nanobiotechnology and nanomaterial - Classification of nanostructures - Nanospheres, Nanotubes, Nanorods, Nanowires, Nanosheets, Quantum dots - Effects of the nanometre length scale - Changes to the system structure - How nanoscale dimensions affect properties - Nanocomposites - Graphene - Carbon Nanotubes - Fullerenes - Natural Nanomaterials - Bio-inspired nanomaterials.

Physical synthesis - Ball Milling - Electrodeposition - Spray Pyrolysis - Thermal evaporation Chemical synthesis - Sol-Gel Process - Metal Nanocrystals by Reduction - Solvothermal Synthesis - Biological Synthesis - Protein-Based Nanostructure Formation - DNA-Templated Nanostructure Formation - Protein Assembly, Green synthesis

Physical properties - Electrical, Optical, Mechanical, Magnetic, Quantum confinement, Surface Plasmon resonance - Electrochemical Properties of Nanoscale Materials, Intra-molecular bonding, Inter-molecular bonding, Nanocatalysis, Surface energy, Self-assembly - Interaction Between Biomolecules and Nanoparticle Surfaces

X-ray diffraction (XRD) - Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Electron microscopes: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM); Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) -UV - Visible Spectrophotometer - Photoluminescence (PL) Spectrophotometer - Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectrometer (FTIR) - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) - Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) - Thermogravimetric/Diffferential Thermal Analyzer (TG/DTA)

Nanoparticles – Phytotoxicity tests/assays; Nano-materials to improve crop productivity, Seed pretreatment, Growth promotion, Nano- fertilizers, Nano- pesticides, Nano-nutrient.

Nanoparticles in bio- degradation, nano-material-based adsorbents for water treatment, possible mutagenic properties of nanoparticles, nanoparticle bioaccumulation. Ecological effects of nanoparticles.

Application of Nano-biotechnology in drug Delivery. Nanoscale Devices for Drug Discovery. Micelles for Drug Delivery. Nanotechnology for Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment. Nanotechnology for Cancer Research and Therapy. siRNA. Tumor-targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Nanotechnology for Imaging and Detection

Nanomaterials for food Applications - Toxicity of Nanoparticles, Future Perspectives.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: 5 x 20 marks = 100 marks. Out of five, three questions will have choices.

This course covers the basic science and technology of algae cultivation. This paper provides students with the skills required to work in the algae cultivation (algal culture) industry or create their own algaculture business. Students will learn the controlled environment requirements for the successful cultivation of various algae species. The program emphasizes training in algal cultivation technologies, including algaculture extension training. Knowledge acquired will prepare students for jobs as Greenhouse/Agricultural Workers, Plant Technicians, Plant Managers, Laboratory Technicians, Sales Managers, Public Relations and Outreach, Process Coordinators, Extension Service and/or Business Owners/Managers.

The resource potential of algae; the commercial utility of algae. Algae as a source of food and feed; Algae as a source of pigments, fine chemicals, fuel and

bio-fertilizers. Distribution of economically important algae in India. Cultivation Methods for Microalgae Lab-scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization,

Open systems: Ponds, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Monostroma, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semifloating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through algae, strategies to increase carbon sequestration levels, Major algal species as a candidate for CCS.

Protein, amino acids, lipids, waxes, glycerol, vitamins, pigments, chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins. Algal immobilization and its applications; Blue-green algal bio-fertilizer: Method of preparation, application and its advantages over inorganic fertilizers.

• CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks
• CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks
• CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks
• Attendance in class: 10 marks
• END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: 5 x 20 marks = 100 marks. Out of five, three questions will have choices.

Students shall be able to understand the sustainability and impact of biodiversity.

Definition, history and scope of ecology, sub divisions of ecology, ecology vs environmental science. Interdisciplinary nature of environmental science. Population Ecology.

Review of the concept of ecosystem – pond and forest as examples of natural ecosystem, the characters and significance of natural ecosystems. Significance of habitat and niche. Energetics in an ecosystem – Laws of Thermodynamics, Energy flow, Trophic level and structure in ecosystem, Food chain, Ecological pyramids. Ecological succession -The concept, definition and reasons of succession. Characteristics of succession, Classification of succession (Hydrosere and Xerosere in detail). Types of succession. Mechanism of succession. Review of Bio-geo Chemical cycles. Remote sensing: Definition and data acquisition techniques. Application of remote sensing in vegetation classification, understanding the key environmental issues and ecosystem management.